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that they are as "target- specific" as possible. <br /> In such an environment, selective controls will typically be preferred <br /> over non - selective, and spot - treatments rather than comprehensive ones. <br /> The normal result will be reduced use of chemical pesticide, but without <br /> sacrifice of necessary aesthetic or functional standards. Such reductions <br /> are definitely possible, even likely, but by no means guaranteed in every <br /> case. The range of variables involved is potentially too vast for such a <br /> prediction. Grant makes this point as follows: <br /> "One of the objectives of IPM is to use chemicals less, but it is <br /> a misconception that IPM always replaces chemical control. <br /> Rather, IPM encourages the pest manager to use chemicals more <br /> wisely, which can mean less often." (13] <br /> Positive results have been the rule rather than the exception. Studies <br /> of household pest control have shown effective control of cockroach with <br /> pesticide use reductions of 80% and more. A study of tree care reported by <br /> Dr. Michael J. Raupp of the University of Maryland, which is directly <br /> applicable to landscape maintenance situations, provided effective plant <br /> protection with a greater than 90% reduction in pesticide use when IPM <br /> was utilized. (14] <br /> Your own results will depend upon your situation and your ability to <br /> grasp and apply these techniques within the context of the site(s) you <br /> manage, the pests you are concerned with, and the options you have <br /> available (or can develop) to bring to bear against them. Of this much I am <br /> 18 <br />