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1 <br /> In Summary <br /> , <br /> 1 1 In summary, integrated pest and/or vegetation management for <br /> landscape and roadside maintenance situations involves a strong cultural <br /> 1 management program based on a working knowledge of both desirable <br /> plant materials and their needs as well as undesirable vegetation and pest <br /> species, and the interactions between the two Cultural measures seek to E <br /> 1 maintain desirable plant health and vigor, as well as suppression of pest r <br /> varieties to levels below the action threshold, which is set at a level designed <br /> I to P revent the compromise of appropriate aesthetic and/or functional <br /> 1 standards for the areas) in question. <br /> For landscape maintenance situations, these thresholds will, <br /> 1 necessarily, vary as uniform aesthetic standards and/or definitions of <br /> i <br /> 1 injury have not been developed (nor is it necessary that they be) for the wide <br /> , <br /> variety of designs, plant materials, and range of personal preferences that <br /> 1 come into play. To a somewhat lesser degree, the same can be said for <br /> roadside maintenance programs, where the type and purpose of the road, <br /> traffic levels, scenic nature of the adjacent lands, climate, soils, and other <br /> 1 factors will vary from region to region or even within the same maint- <br /> enance district. <br /> Thresholds, combined with monitoring by knowledgeable in- <br /> 1 dividuals, must still become the determining factor for vegetation or pest <br /> control treatments, including the use of chemical pesticides. Such <br /> treatments are selected to reduce pest populations below threshold levels <br /> 1 with minimum disruption to the non - target environment. That is to say <br /> 17 <br /> 1 <br />