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m <br />bees and thes, visit the flowers (Kaye 1992, Kaye and Kirkland 1994). The species does <br />not s lf- pollinate, but depends on these insects for pollen transfer. <br />Seventeen distinct populations 'of Bradshaw's lomatiumn currently occur in the Willamette, <br />Valley and southwest Washington (Parenti et al. 1993; Gisler 1994; St. Hilare 1994; <br />Robinson 1995). It is estimated that less than 0.1 percent of the historic populations of <br />Bradshaw's lomatium remain (Parenti et al. 1993). <br />V PROBLEMS FACING THE SPECIES <br />As described in the final rule to list Bradshaw's lomatium as endangered (53 FR 3 845 1; <br />September 30, 1988) and Recovery Plan (USFWS 1993), threats to Bradshaw's lomatium <br />incl de: (1) loss of habitat; (2) disease; and (3) reproductive strategy of the species <br />combined, with other stressors such as drought, land management practices, flood <br />control, fire su ppression. <br />the i <br />habi <br />is <br />Ore <br />at has been lost by succession, changes in hydrology, and urban or agricultural <br />)pment. Willamette Valley wet prairies continue to undergo succession and <br />on by trees and shrubs. This succession was once naturally controlled by. <br />pread flooding, browsing animals, and fire. Flood control projects in the upper <br />nette basin, urbanization, land use practices, and fire suppression have altered <br />is processes that maintained native grasslands. <br />i <br />1 <br />control and wetland fill and drainage have also affected Bradshaw's lomatium by <br />ing available habitat and, possibly, seed dispersal. Surface water reduction <br />ised the abundance and distribution of seasonally wet prairies throughout the <br />nette Valley. Since Bradshaw's lomatium is dependent on wet areas, often within <br />>odplain of a creek or small river, hydrologic changes have drastically reduced <br />A available to the plant. Bradshaw's lomatium seeds have also been found to have <br />buoyancy, and dispersal may be increased by flooding (USFWS 1993). If dispersal <br />anced by flooding, it is likely that hydrologic changes have reduced dispersal <br />ity and distance. <br />habitat for Bradshaw's lomatium occurs in and around Eugene. and Corvallis, <br />on (USFWS 1993). Any undeveloped, flat grasslands which may contain <br />shaw's lomatium and other native wet prairie species are often prime locations for <br />i development. <br />97- .00401 <br />