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1 <br /> Monitoring <br /> i <br /> In agricultural applications of IPM trained field scouts regularly <br /> monitor P <br /> est population levels in the protected fields and orchards. They <br /> P <br /> are the "early warning system" that detect infestations approaching <br /> threshold levels and target them for treatment action. Because of their <br /> ® relative length of experience using the methodology, agricultural <br /> � ex P <br /> practitioners often have determined monitoring intervals and specific <br /> techniques for evaluating population levels with considerable exactness. <br /> As with thresholds, however, the application of this element of IPM <br /> can be successfully employed by landscape or right -of -way managers <br /> without developing the same level of precision before - the -fact. Also, as with <br /> thresholds, necessary monitoring intervals and evaluation techniques will <br /> 111 likely vary widely from one situation to the next, very possibly even among <br /> the same manager or field staff. For many, those sites cared for by t g y, not <br /> most, grounds and landscape or roadside situations, monitoring can be <br /> successfully accomplished by regularly assigned maintenance personnel <br /> 3 in the course of their normal routine duties. <br /> Education or review may be required to be sure that staff knows <br /> where and when to look for the most frequently encountered pests or <br /> problem vegetation, can identify early, symptoms of damage or stress, etc., <br /> g g > <br /> and a specific program of monitoring for particular problem pests may be <br /> necessary under some circumstances. With experience, of course, the <br /> 1 precision and exactness of landscape and roadside monitoring programs <br /> will increase. <br /> 15 <br /> 111 <br />