New Search
Reproductive Biology and Breeding system: Plants reproduce entirely by seeds, probably <br /> do not self - pollinate, and require insects for pollination. Flowers are andromonoecious with <br /> hermaphroditic (functional male and female parts) and staminate (male parts only); <br /> Hermaphroditic flowers are protogynous (styles become receptive and exerted before anthers <br /> shed pollen) and staminate flowers do not set seed. The first infloresence produced by a plant <br /> is more likely to be predominantly or exclusively staminate than subsequent infloresences. <br /> High outcrossing rate probably insures high genetic diversity, although small populations <br /> may experience inbreeding depression (Kaye and Kirkland 1994a). <br /> Pollinators: Likely pollinators include twenty -six insect species, mostly solitary bees and <br /> syrphid flies; flies may be important during cold or wet weather typical of early spring; <br /> elimination of insect pollinators through application of pesticides could result in rapid <br /> population decline of L. bradshawii (Kaye and Kirkland 1994a). <br /> Seed /Fruit Dispersal Mechanisms: Fruits are fairly heavy and usually fall to the ground <br /> close to the parent; fruits appear to float and may be dispersed by water (Parenti et al. 1993). <br /> Potential Habitat Modifications: Fall burning is effective in increasing seed production and <br /> plant size (Connelly and Kauffman 1991); based on stochastic models, fire frequency of two <br /> or three times in six years may be sufficient to maintain population viability (Kaye et al. <br /> 1994); minimum fire frequency is not known. Manual removal or invading woody plants <br /> may also be effective in maintaining open prairie habitats, since seed production is greatly <br /> reduced when plants are growing in shade. <br /> Herbivory, Seed Predation and Disease: Grazing by cattle, sheep and geese have <br /> apparently reduced or eliminated some populations of L. bradshawii, although recently large <br /> populations have been found that have been heavily grazed. Rodent herbivory may also <br /> impact populations, and in 1994 many sites experienced severe herbivory due to high <br /> populations of a species of vole. Seed and fruit production may be reduced by spittle bugs <br /> and a seed weevil respectively; Anise swallowtail butterfly (Papilio zelicaon) larvae have <br /> been observed feeding on L. bradshawii. Minor mortality has been caused by a fungus <br /> Physoderma in the Chytridiales at some sites. <br /> Impacts of Exotic Plants: All of the typical invasive non - native species of wet prairies, such <br /> as Agrostis tenuis, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Festuca arundinacea, Phalaris arundinacea, <br /> Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, Daucus carota, Hypochaeris radicata, and Plantago <br /> lanceolata, have impacted L. bradshawii habitat. In addition, a species only recently <br /> reported in Oregon, Juncus marginatus, has become abundant in L. bradshawii habitat at <br /> several sites in west Eugene. <br /> 5) Scientific Name: Lupinus sulphureus Dougl. ex Hook. spp. kincaidii (Smith) Phillips <br /> Common Name: Kincaid's lupine <br /> 11 <br />